About the Class

Intro

- Analog vs digital
- analog has continuous values vs digital, which has only steps of values
- how do we do that?
- Through transistors, little electronic switches that can open or close a circuit
- Through that we can build AND OR gates
- These AND OR gates, combined with transistors to store states, this can scale
- -> Microchips
- PCBs vs ICs
- PCB -> laser etched circuit board
- IC -> little black boxes -> miniaturization
- Microcontroller -> mostly single-purpose, programmable
- Microprocessors -> able to run OS, more multi-purpose, programmable, multi-tasking

Compiling

- 1MHz -> number of operations per second, number of inputs & output to change per second
- I2C, SPI protocols in dedicated parts of the chip
- Compiling is the process of converting our program (that we humans understand) into machine code (that the chip understands)
- Steps are:
- Pre-processor adds extra libraries to the code and checks for integrity
- Dependencies are resolved
- Compiling locally
- Uploading to board
- Flashing the board via the bootloader (the Bootloader manages the root on the board to receive and store programs to execute)

Programming

- Most Microcontrollers use C++ for programming
- There is an emerging system for writing Python for MCs, but it is not fully fleshed out
- Although it seems like a shortcut to programming for microcontrollers, but using python to learn will cause problems later on
- -> Always start from a programming flowchart
- To save states -> Variables: Boolean (true, false), floating-point (constantliy changingvalues), integer, list or array (list of values), etc.
- Loops: close (some feedback to the loop to verify states) , open (no feedback back to loop)

Spirulina Temp Sensor

As for the homework, I programmed a simple temperature sensor for a jar of spirulina (which only grows in moderately warm temperatures), featuring a DT11 sensor and the Adafruit LED strip. After pressing a button, the temperature is measured by the DT11 and a visual feedback can be observed on the LED strip (red, blinking = too hot; green = optimal range; blue, blinking = too cold).

Testing the final setup on my terrace.

Debugging the visual feedback: After heating the DT11 close to body temperature, the LEDs flash bright red. On the right, the serial output can be see.

Further Links

architectures
  von Neumann, Harvard, bugs
  RISC, CISC
  microprocessor, microcontroller
  multi-core
  GPU, TPU
  FPGA, TinyFPGA, IceStorm , Migen
  spatial

memory
  registers (instructions)
  SRAM (fast)
  DRAM (big)
  EEPROM (non-volatile)
  FLASH (programs, strings)
  fuse (configuration)

peripherals
  ports
  A/D
  comparator
  D/A
  timer/counter/PWM
  USART
  USB
  math
  crypto
  ...

word size
  8
  16
  32
  64

families
  LOGIC
  Megaprocessor
  8051
  PIC
  MSP
  AVR
        • 6-100 pin packages
     ATtiny10
        • SOT23-6
     ATtiny45V, ATtiny44A
        • prior
     ATtiny412, ATtiny1614, ATtiny3216
        • 1-series
        • 8 bit, 1.8-5.5V, 20 MHz
        • single-cycle global instructions
        • simple peripheral register access
        • low pin-count packages
        • one-pin serial programming
     ATtiny1624
        • 2-series
        • programmable gain amplifier
     AVR128DB32
        • 24 MHz
        • analog signal conditioning
        • level shifting
        • hardware multiplier
     DD
        • coming
  ARM
     D11C, D11D, D21E, D51
        • 32 bit, 1.6-3.6V
        • faster clocks, more complex clock distribution and synchronization
        • more powerful peripherals, more complex register access and libraries
        • diverse family, larger packages
        • standard in-circuit debugging
  Xtensa
     ESP8266, ESP32
        • integrated RF, networking
  RISC-V
        • open architecture
  PSoC, xCORE, Propeller, Lattice, NVIDIA
        • parallel

vendors
  Octopart
  Digi-Key
  Mouser
  Newark
  Farnell
  SparkFun
  Adafruit

packages
  DIP
  SOT
  SOIC
  TSSOP
  TQFP
  LQFP
  MLF, WLCSP, BGA

in-system development
  ISP (original AVR)
     software
        avrdude
     hardware
        header pads clip pins
        Atmel-ICE
        Arduino
        ATmega16U2 Zaerc
        ATtiny45 Sean Alex Tomás Jonathan Brian Zaerc
        ATtiny44 Ali Valentin Bas Andy David
           USB-t44-ISP board components traces interior firmware.zip programming
  UPDI (AVR 0,1,2-series,DA,DB,DD)
     software
        pyupdi
           install:
              pip3 install intelhex pylint pyserial
           program:
              python3 pyupdi.py -d your_processor -c your_port -b your_baud_rate -f your_hex_file -v
        pymcuprog
           install:
              apt install libusb-1.0-0-dev, libudev-dev
              pip3 install pymcuprog
           program:
              pymcuprog -d your_processor -t uart -u your_port -c your_baud_rate -v info erase
              pymcuprog -d your_processor -t uart -u your_port -c your_baud_rate -v info write -f your_hex_file
     hardware
        USB-D11C-serial board components top interior
           bootloader SAMD11C SAMD11C_serial video
           serial-UPDI-2 pin board components traces interior connector(less)
           serial UPDI-3 pin board components traces interior
        USB-FT230X-UPDI board components traces interior
  JTAG SWD (ARM)
     software
        OpenOCD
        EDBG
              program: edbg -b -t target_type -epv -f binary_file
              read fuses: edbg -b -t target_type -F r,*,file_name
              write fuses: edbg -b -t target_type -F w,high_bit:low_bit,bit_value
              disable SAMD bootloader protection: edbg -b -t target_type -F w,2:0,7
     hardware
        Atmel-ICE
        PICO
        GoodFET
        Raspberry Pi
        Free-DAP
           USB-D11C-SWD-10 pin board components traces interior
              USB-D11C-SWD-4 pin board components traces interior
              SWD-10-4-0.05 pitch board components traces interior
              SWD-10-4-0.1 pitch board components traces interior
              binary video
              prorgammer voltage input
  bootloader, bootloaders
  breakout

assembly language
  hex file
  instruction set, opcodes
  mnemonics, directives, expressions
  avr-as
  inline

C C++
  programming
  GCC
     make files (tabs)
     bit operations
  AVR
     libc modules types math benchmarks
     avr-libc binutils-avr gcc-avr
     homebrew-avr
  ARM
     gcc-arm-none-eabi gdb-multiarch
     homebrew-arm
     libopencm3
  Microchip
     ASF
     Studio
     toolchains packs (zip)

IDE
  Atmel Studio
  Arduino
  Eclipse
  VS Code
  Scratch Modkit Firefly

frameworks
  Arduino
     board + toolchain + libraries + IDE + bootloader + header
     programming
        C++ Create Codebender Ardublock CLI
     original
        Fabkit Fabio satshakit hello.328P
     cores
        ATtiny ATTinyCore tinyAVR DxCore fab-sam ESP8266 ESP32
     overhead
     millis interrupts ISR
  PlatformIO
  Mbed

boards
  Atmel Adafruit Olimex Polulu MattairTech
  Adrianino SAMDino D11C devkit D21E devkit

clocks
  types
     RC (10%, 1% calibrated)
     ceramic (0.5%)
     quartz (50 ppm)
  PLL
  instruction cycles
  overclocking
  underclocking

host communication
  RS232
     bit timing
  VT100/ANSI/ISO/ECMA terminal
     Screen Kermit Minicom Arduino
     pySerial miniterm
        python -m serial.tools.miniterm /dev/your_device_port your_baud_rate
     SerialPort terminal
        serialport-terminal
     Web Serial
  USB
     software
        V-USB
     hardware
        LUFA ASF Arduino
        USB-D11C-serial board components top interior
           bootloader serial.ino video SAMD11C_serial
  FTDI
     drivers
     libFTDI
     cable
     chip
        hello.USB-serial.FT230X board components traces interior

ATtiny412
  t412-blink-3 pin board components traces interior
     blink.ino blink.c make video
  t412-blink-2 pin board components traces interior
     blink.ino video ring.ino
  t412-echo board componenets traces interior
     echo.ino video
     echo.c echo.make video

ATtiny45
  t45-echo board components traces interior pin re-use
     ports port.c port.make port.ino port.write.ino
     bit-bang echo.c echo.make echo.ino echo.serial.ino video

ATtiny1614 ATtiny1624
  t1614-echo board components traces interior
     echo.ino video

ATtiny44
  t44-echo board components traces interior
  t44-echo-2 sided board components top bottom holes interior
     programming mods
     echo.c echo.c.make
     echo.interrupt.c echo.interrupt.c.make
     echo.asm echo.asm.make

ATtiny3216 ATtiny3226
  t3216-echo board components traces interior
     echo.ino video

AVR128DB32
  128DB32-echo board components traces interior
     ring.c ring.make echo.c echo.make video

ATSAMD11C
  D11C-blink board components traces interior
     D11C-blink-reset board components traces interior
     D11C-blink-reset-clock board components traces interior
     blink.c blink.make bootloader blink.ino video ring.ino
  D11C-echo-4 pin board components traces interior
     D11C-echo-10 pin board components traces interior
     D11C-echo-micro board components traces holes interior
     echo.ino video
  D11C-serial-1 sided board components top interior
     D11C-serial-micro-4 pin board components traces holes interior Gerber
     D11C-serial-large vias board components top bottom holes interior
     D11C-serial-small vias board components top bottom holes interior Gerber
     serial.ino video SAMD11C_serial

ATSAMD11D
  D11D-echo board components traces interior
     openocd.cfg bootloader echo.ino video

ATSAMD21E
  D21E-echo board components traces interior
     bootloader echo.ino video
     Python

ATSAMD51
  hello worlds ring.ino

Interpreters
  AVRSH
  BASIC
  FORTH
  Espruino
  MicroPython CircuitPython

ESP8266
  ESP-01 module
     ESP-01-echo board components traces holes interior
        echo.ino video
  ESP-WROOM-02D module
     ESP-WROOM-02D-echo board components traces holes interior
        echo.ino video
        Python video

ESP32
  ESP32-WROOM-32 module
     ESP32-WROOM-echo board components traces holes interior
        echo.ino video ring.ino
        Python video

Operating Systems
  FreeRTOS
  TinyOS
  Mbed OS
  ROS

Systems
  Rasberry Pi ring.bcm2835.c
  Beagle
  Micro:bit

debugging
  hardware
     inspect, reflow solder joints
     check component orientation, values
     verify data sheets
     confirm connector orientation
     measure supply voltages
     probe I/O signals
  software
     blink LED
     add print statements
     use embedded debugger
        gdb, ddd
        Atmel Studio

assignment
  individual assignment:
     read the data sheet for your microcontroller
     use your programmer to program your board to do something
     extra credit: try other programming languages and development environments
  group assignment:
     compare the performance and development workflows for other architectures